Income Tax Law

Income Tax Act 2025 Dashboard

Total Chapters

23

Total Sections Loaded

552

Effective Date

April 1, 2026

Income-tax Act, 2025 - Browse

CHAPTER IV

Computation of total income

§ 13 Computation of total income § 14 Income not forming part of total income and expenditure in relation to such income § 15 Salaries § 16 Income from salary § 17 Perquisite § 18 Profits in lieu of salary § 20 Income from house property § 21 Determination of annual value § 22 Deductions from income from house property § 23 Arrears of rent and unrealised rent received subsequently § 24 Property owned by co-owners § 25 Interpretation § 26 Income under head “Profits and gains of business or profession” § 27 Manner of computing profits and gains of business or profession § 28 Rent, rates, taxes, repairs and insurance § 29 Deductions related to employee welfare § 30 Deduction on certain premium § 31 Deduction for bad debt and provision for bad and doubtful debt § 32 Other deductions § 33 Deduction for depreciation § 34 General conditions for allowable deductions § 35 Amounts not deductible in certain circumstances § 36 Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances § 37 Certain deductions allowed on actual payment § 38 Certain sums deemed as profits and gains of business or profession § 39 Computation of actual cost § 40 Special provision for computation of cost of acquisition of certain assets § 41 Written down value of depreciable asset § 42 Capitalising impact of foreign exchange fluctuation § 43 Taxation of foreign exchange fluctuation § 44 Amortisation of certain preliminary expenses § 45 Expenditure on scientific research § 46 Capital expenditure of specified business § 47 Expenditure on agricultural extension project and skill development project § 48 Tea development account, coffee development account and rubber development account § 49 Site Restoration Fund § 50 Special provision in case of trade, profession or similar association § 51 Amortisation of expenditure for prospecting certain minerals § 52 Amortisation of expenditure for telecommunications services, amalgamation, demerger, scheme of voluntary retirement, etc § 53 Full value of consideration for transfer of assets other than capital assets in certain cases § 54 Business of prospecting for mineral oils § 55 Insurance business § 56 Special provision in case of interest income of specified financial institutions § 57 Revenue recognition for construction and service contracts § 58 Special provision for computing profits and gains of business or profession on presumptive basis in case of certain residents § 59 Computation of royalty and fee for technical services in hands of non-residents § 60 Deduction of head office expenditure in case of non-residents § 61 Special provision for computation of income on presumptive basis in respect of certain business activities of certain non-residents § 62 Maintenance of books of account § 63 Tax audit § 64 Special provision for computing deductions in case of business reorganisation of co-operative banks § 65 Interpretation for purposes of section 64 § 66 Interpretation § 67 Capital gains § 68 Capital gains on distribution of assets by companies in liquidation § 69 Capital gains on purchase by company of its own shares or other specified securities § 70 Transactions not regarded as transfer § 71 Withdrawal of exemption in certain cases § 72 Mode of computation of capital gains § 73 Cost with reference to certain modes of acquisition § 74 Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of depreciable assets § 75 Special provision for cost of acquisition in case of depreciable asset § 76 Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of Market Linked Debenture § 77 Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of slump sale § 78 Special provision for full value of consideration in certain cases § 79 Special provision for full value of consideration for transfer of share other than quoted share § 80 Fair market value deemed to be full value of consideration in certain cases § 81 Advance money received § 82 Profit on sale of property used for residence § 83 Capital gains on transfer of land used for agricultural purposes not to be charged in certain cases § 84 Capital gains on compulsory acquisition of lands and buildings not to be charged in certain cases § 85 Capital gains not to be charged on investment in certain bonds § 86 Capital gains on transfer of certain capital assets not to be charged in case of investment in residential house § 87 Exemption of capital gains on transfer of assets in cases of shifting of industrial undertaking from urban area § 88 Exemption of capital gains on transfer of assets in cases of shifting of industrial undertaking from urban area to any Special Economic Zone § 89 Extension of time for acquiring new asset or depositing or investing amount of capital gains § 90 Meaning of “adjusted”, “cost of improvement” and “cost of acquisition” § 91 Reference to Valuation Officer § 92 Income from other sources § 93 Deductions § 94 Amounts not deductible § 95 Profits chargeable to tax § 19 Deductions from salaries.
CHAPTER VIII

Deductions to be made in Computing Total Income

§ 122 Deductions to be made in Computing Total Income § 123 Deduction for life insurance premia, deferred annuity, contributions to provident fund, etc § 124 Deduction in respect of employer and assessee contribution to pension scheme of Central Government § 125 Deduction in respect of contribution to <i>Agnipath</i> Scheme § 126 Deduction in respect of health insurance premia § 127 Deduction in respect of maintenance including medical treatment of a dependant who is a person with disability § 128 Deduction in respect of medical treatment, etc § 129 Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for higher education § 130 Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for residential house property § 131 Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for certain house property § 132 Deduction in respect of purchase of electric vehicle § 133 Deduction in respect of donations to certain funds, charitable institutions, etc § 134 Deductions in respect of rents paid § 135 Deduction in respect of certain donations for scientific research or rural development § 136 Deduction in respect of contributions given by companies to political parties § 137 Deduction in respect of contributions given by any person to political parties § 138 Deductions in respect of profits and gains from industrial undertakings or enterprises engaged in infrastructure development, etc § 139 Deductions in respect of profits and gains by an undertaking or enterprise engaged in development of Special Economic Zone § 140 Special provision in respect of specified business § 141 Deduction in respect of profits and gains from certain industrial undertakings § 142 Deductions in respect of profits and gains from housing projects § 143 Special provisions in respect of certain undertakings in North-Eastern States § 144 Special provisions in respect of newly established Units in Special Economic Zones § 145 Deduction for businesses engaged in collecting and processing of bio-degradable waste § 146 Deduction in respect of additional employee cost § 147 Deductions for income of Offshore Banking Units and Units of International Financial Services Centre § 148 Deduction in respect of certain inter-corporate dividends § 149 Deduction in respect of income of co-operative societies § 150 Interpretation for purposes of section 149 § 151 Deduction in respect of royalty income, etc., of authors of certain books other than text-books § 152 Deduction in respect of royalty on patents § 153 Deduction for interest on deposits § 154 Deduction in case of a person with disability
CHAPTER XIII

Determination of tax in special cases

§ 190 Determination of tax in special cases § 191 Tax on accumulated balance of recognised provident fund § 192 Tax in case of block assessment of search cases § 193 Tax on income from Global Depository Receipts purchased in foreign currency or capital gains arising from their transfer § 194 Tax on certain incomes § 195 Tax on income referred to in sections 102 to 106 § 196 Tax on short-term capital gains in certain cases § 197 Tax on long-term capital gains § 198 Tax on long-term capital gains in certain cases § 199 Tax on income of certain manufacturing domestic companies § 200 Tax on income of certain domestic companies § 202 New tax regime for individuals, Hindu undivided family and others § 203 Tax on income of certain resident co-operative societies § 204 Tax on income of certain new manufacturing co-operative societies § 205 Conditions for tax on income of certain companies and co-operative societies § 207 Tax on dividends, royalty and fees for technical service in case of foreign companies § 212 Interpretation § 213 Special provision for computation of total income of non-residents § 215 Capital gains on transfer of foreign exchange assets not to be charged in certain cases § 216 Return of income not to be furnished in certain cases § 217 Benefit under Chapter to be available in certain cases even after assessee becomes resident § 218 Chapter not to apply if the assessee so chooses § 219 Conversion of an Indian branch of foreign company into subsidiary Indian company § 220 Foreign company said to be resident in India § 221 Tax on income from securitisation trusts § 222 Tax on income in case of venture capital undertakings § 223 Tax on income of unit holder and business trust § 224 Tax on income of investment fund and its unit holders § 225 Income from business of operating qualifying ships § 226 Tonnage tax scheme § 228 Relevant shipping income and exclusion from book profit § 229 Depreciation and gains relating to tonnage tax assets § 230 Exclusion of deduction, loss, set off, etc § 231 Method of opting of tonnage tax scheme and validity § 232 Certain conditions for applicability of tonnage tax scheme § 233 Amalgamation and demerger § 234 Avoidance of tax and exclusion from tonnage tax scheme § 235 Interpretation § 201 Tax on income of new manufacturing domestic companies. § 206 Special provision for minimum alternate tax and alternate minimum tax. § 208 Tax on income from units purchased in foreign currency or capital gains arising from their transfer. § 209 Tax on income from bonds or Global Depository Receipts purchased in foreign currency or capital gains arising from their transfer. § 210 Tax on income of Foreign Institutional Investors from securities or capital gains arising from their transfer. § 211 Tax on non-resident sportsmen or sports associations. § 214 Tax on investment income § 227 Computation of tonnage income.
CHAPTER XVI

Procedure for assessment

§ 268 Procedure for assessment § 269 Estimation of value of assets by Valuation Officer § 270 Assessment § 271 Best judgment assessment § 272 Power of Joint Commissioner to issue directions in certain cases § 273 Faceless Assessment § 274 Reference to Principal Commissioner or Commissioner in certain cases § 275 Reference to Dispute Resolution Panel § 276 Method of accounting § 277 Method of accounting in certain cases § 278 Taxability of certain income § 279 Income escaping assessment § 280 Issue of notice where income has escaped assessment § 281 Procedure before issuance of notice under section 280 § 282 Time limit for notices under sections 280 and 281 § 283 Provision for cases where assessment is in pursuance of an order on appeal, etc § 284 Sanction for issue of notice § 285 Other provisions § 287 Rectification of mistake § 288 Other amendments § 289 Notice of demand § 290 Modification and revision of notice in certain cases § 291 Intimation of loss § 292 Assessment of total undisclosed income as a result of search § 293 Computation of total undisclosed income of block period § 294 Procedure for block assessment § 295 Undisclosed income of any other person § 296 Time-limit for completion of block assessment § 297 Certain interests and penalties not to be levied or imposed § 298 Levy of interest and penalty in certain cases § 299 Authority competent to make assessment of block period § 300 Application of other provisions of Act § 301 Interpretation § 286 Time limit for completion of assessment, reassessment and recomputation.
CHAPTER XVII

Special provisions relating to certain persons

§ 302 Special provisions relating to certain persons § 303 Representative assessee § 304 Liability of representative assessee § 305 Right of representative assessee to recover tax paid § 306 Who may be regarded as agent § 307 Charge § 308 Charge of tax in case of oral trust § 309 Method of computing a member’s share in income of association of persons or body of individuals § 310 Share of member of association of persons or body of individuals in income of association or body § 311 Charge of tax where shares of members in association of persons or body of individuals unknown, etc § 312 Executor § 313 Succession to business or profession otherwise than on death § 314 Effect of order of tribunal or court in respect of business reorganisation § 315 Assessment after partition of Hindu undivided family § 316 Shipping business of non-residents § 317 Assessment of persons leaving India § 318 Assessment of association of persons or body of individuals or artificial juridical person formed for a particular event or purpose § 319 Assessment of persons likely to transfer property to avoid tax § 320 Discontinued business § 321 Association dissolved or business discontinued § 322 Company in liquidation § 323 Liability of directors of private company § 324 Charge of tax in case of a firm § 325 Assessment as a firm § 326 Assessment when section 325 not complied with § 327 Change in constitution of a firm § 328 Succession of one firm by another firm § 329 Joint and several liability of partners for tax payable by firm § 330 Firm dissolved or business discontinued § 331 Liability of partners of limited liability partnership in liquidation § 333 Switching over of regimes § 334 Tax on income of registered non-profit organisation § 335 Regular income § 336 Taxable regular income § 338 Income not to be included in regular income § 339 Corpus donation § 340 Deemed corpus donation § 341 Application of income § 342 Accumulated income § 343 Deemed accumulated income § 344 Business undertaking held as property § 345 Restriction on commercial activities by a registered non-profit organisation § 346 Restriction on commercial activities by registered non-profit organisation, carrying out advancement of any other object of general public utility § 347 Books of account § 348 Audit § 349 Return of income § 350 Permitted modes of investment § 351 Specified violation § 353 Other violations § 355 Interpretation § 332 Application for registration. § 337 Specified income. § 352 Tax on accreted income. § 354 Application for approval for purpose of section 133(1)(b)(ii).
CHAPTER XVIII

Appeals, revisions and alternate dispute resolutions

§ 356 Appeals, revisions and alternate dispute resolutions § 357 Appealable orders before Commissioner (Appeals) § 358 Form of appeal and limitation § 359 Procedure in appeal § 360 Powers of Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or Commissioner (Appeals) § 361 Appellate Tribunal § 362 Appeals to Appellate Tribunal § 363 Orders of Appellate Tribunal § 364 Procedure of Appellate Tribunal § 365 Appeal to High Court § 366 Case before High Court to be heard by not less than two Judges § 367 Appeal to Supreme Court § 368 Hearing before Supreme Court § 369 Tax to be paid irrespective of appeal, etc § 370 Execution for costs awarded by Supreme Court § 371 Amendment of assessment on appeal § 372 Exclusion of time taken for copy § 373 Filing of appeal by income-tax authority § 374 Interpretation of “High Court” § 375 Procedure when assessee claims identical question of law is pending before High Court or Supreme Court § 376 Procedure where an identical question of law is pending before High Courts or Supreme Court § 377 Revision of orders prejudicial to revenue § 378 Revision of other orders § 379 Dispute Resolution Committee § 380 Interpretation § 381 Board for Advance Rulings § 382 Vacancies, etc., not to invalidate proceedings § 383 Application for advance ruling § 384 Procedure on receipt of application § 385 Appellate authority not to proceed in certain cases § 386 Advance ruling to be void in certain circumstances § 387 Powers of the Board for Advance Rulings § 388 Procedure of Board for Advance Rulings § 389 Appeal
CHAPTER XIX

Collection and recovery of tax

§ 390 Collection and recovery of tax § 391 Direct payment § 392 Salary and accumulated balance due to an employee § 394 Collection of tax at source § 395 Certificates § 396 Tax deducted is income received § 397 Compliance and reporting § 398 Consequences of failure to deduct or pay or, collect or pay § 399 Processing § 400 Power of Central Government to relax provisions of this Chapter § 401 Bar against direct demand on assessee § 403 Liability for payment of advance tax § 404 Conditions of liability to pay advance tax § 405 Computation of advance tax § 406 Payment of advance tax by assessee on his own accord § 407 Payment of advance tax by assessee in pursuance of order of Assessing Officer § 409 When assessee is deemed to be in default § 410 Credit for advance tax § 411 When tax payable and when assessee deemed in default § 412 Penalty payable when tax in default § 413 Certificate by Tax Recovery Officer and validity thereof § 414 Tax Recovery Officer by whom recovery is to be effected § 415 Stay of proceedings in pursuance of certificate and amendment or cancellation thereof § 416 Other modes of recovery § 417 Recovery through State Government § 418 Recovery of tax in pursuance of agreements with foreign countries § 419 Recovery of penalties, fine, interest and other sums § 420 Tax clearance certificate § 421 Recovery by suit or under other law not affected § 422 Recovery of tax arrear in respect of non-resident from his assets § 424 Interest for defaults in payment of advance tax § 426 Interest on excess refund § 427 Fee for default in furnishing statements § 428 Fee for default in furnishing return of income § 429 Fee for default relating to statement or certificate § 430 Fee for default relating to intimation of Aadhaar number § 393 Tax to be deducted at source. § 402 Interpretation. § 408 Instalments of advance tax and due dates. § 423 Interest for defaults in furnishing return of income. § 425 Interest for deferment of advance tax.
CHAPTER XXI

PENALTIES

§ 439 Penalty for under-reporting and misreporting of income § 440 Immunity from imposition of penalty, etc § 441 Failure to keep, maintain or retain books of account, documents, etc § 442 Penalty for failure to keep and maintain information and document, etc., in respect of certain transactions § 443 Penalty in respect of certain income § 444 Penalty for false entry, etc., in books of account § 445 Benefits to related persons § 446 Failure to get accounts audited § 447 Penalty for failure to furnish report under section 172 § 448 Penalty for failure to deduct tax at source § 449 Penalty for failure to collect tax at source § 450 Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 185 § 451 Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 186 § 452 Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 187 § 453 Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 188 § 454 Penalty for failure to furnish statement of financial transaction or reportable account § 455 Penalty for furnishing inaccurate statement of financial transaction or reportable account § 456 Penalty for failure to furnish statement or information or document by an eligible investment fund § 457 Penalty for failure to furnish information or document under section 171 § 458 Penalty for failure to furnish information or document under section 506 § 459 Penalty for failure to furnish report or for furnishing inaccurate report under section 511 § 460 Penalty for failure to submit statement under section 505 § 461 Penalty for failure to furnish statements, etc § 462 Penalty for failure to furnish information or furnishing inaccurate information under section 397(3)(d) § 463 Penalty for furnishing incorrect information in reports or certificates § 464 Penalty for failure to furnish statements, etc § 465 Penalty for failure to answer questions, sign statements, furnish information, returns or statements, allow inspections, etc § 466 Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 254 § 467 Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 262 § 468 Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 397 § 469 Power to reduce or waive penalty, etc., in certain cases § 470 Penalty not to be imposed in certain cases § 471 Procedure § 472 Bar of limitation for imposing penalties
CHAPTER XXIII

MISCELLANEOUS

§ 499 Certain transfers to be void § 500 Provisional attachment to protect revenue in certain cases § 501 Service of notice, generally § 502 Authentication of notices and other documents § 503 Service of notice when family is disrupted or firm etc., is dissolved § 504 Service of notice in case of discontinued business § 505 Submission of statement by a non-resident having liaison office § 506 Furnishing of information or documents by an Indian concern in certain cases § 507 Submission of statements by producers of cinematograph films or persons engaged in specified activity § 508 Obligation to furnish statement of financial transaction or reportable account § 509 Obligation to furnish information on transaction of crypto-asset § 510 Annual information statement § 511 Furnishing of report in respect of international group § 512 Publication of information respecting assessees in certain cases § 513 Appearance by registered valuer in certain matters § 514 Registration of valuers § 515 Appearance by authorised representative § 516 Rounding off of amount of total income, or amount payable or refundable § 517 Receipt to be given § 518 Indemnity § 519 Power to tender immunity from prosecution § 520 Cognizance of offences § 521 Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 and section 401 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, not to apply § 522 Return of income, etc., not to be invalid on certain grounds § 523 Notice deemed to be valid in certain circumstances § 524 Presumption as to assets, books of account, etc § 525 Authorisation and assessment in case of search or requisition § 526 Bar of suits in civil courts § 527 Power to make exemption, etc., in relation to participation in business of prospecting for, extraction, etc., of mineral oils § 528 Power of Central Government or Board to condone delays in obtaining approval § 529 Power to withdraw approval § 530 Act to have effect pending legislative provision for charge of tax § 531 Power to rescind exemption in relation to certain Union territories already granted under section 294A of the Income-tax Act, 1961 § 532 Power to frame schemes § 533 Power to make rules § 534 Laying before Parliament § 535 Removal of difficulties § 536 Repeal and savings
SCHEDULES